"...Previous research suggests that Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) can provide as high quality care and achieve the same health outcomes as physicians. However, APRNs are usually reimbursed at lower rates than physicians by both Medicare and Medicaid. ... A clear regulatory framework and payment rationale are needed along with data on the type and complexity of care provided by various practitioners to increase efficiencies and improve access to health care." (excerpt from abstract)